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England

Bro-Saoz

Thanet

Taneton / Tanatis / Tanatus

Kent

Bro-Gent

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dernière mise à jour 02/06/2012 17:40:04

Définition :  (presqu') île de l'extrême sud-est de l'île de Grande Bretagne, en Angleterre, comté du Kent.

M.N Bouillet (DUHG) (1863) : "Ile d'Angleterre (Kent), formée par l'embouchure de la Tamise et les deux bras de la Stour : 16 km sur 12; 20.000 hab. Commerce avec Londres. Cette île fut cédée en 449 aux Saxons par les Bretons, lorsqu'ils appelèrent ceux-ci à leur secours contre les Pictes. Bientôt ils voulurent les en chasser, et y furent battus en 463".

 

Extraits de la carte Map of Roman Britain, par Ordnance Survey

Histoire

Compte tenu de sa position extrême sud-est de l'île de Bretagne, entre la Manche et la mer du nord, face aux côtes gauloises et accessible des côtes de Germanie, l'île de Thanet a hérité de ce fait d'une réelle importance géographique, historique, et politique. 

Aux époques celtique et romaine, Thanet constitue réellement une île séparée de la grande île par un détroit connu sous le nom actuel de Wentsum. On ne communique alors que par des gués, dont les noms actuels sont évocateurs : Sarre, et Rutupia

Les Romains installent des forteresses pour contrôler les entrées de ce détroit : Richborough / Rutupiae - Ritupis, au sud, sur le détroit du Pas de Calais, et Reculver / Regulgium au nord, sur la rive sud de l'embouchure de la Tamise.

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En 449, ayant à faire face à des incursions pictes / scotes destructrices, et ne pouvant compter sur l'aide de l'empire romain, Vortigern, alors dux de Bretagne, fait appel à des barbares, les Jutes (aujourd'hui Jutland, en Danemark). Un groupe de ceux-ci, sous la conduite des chefs Hengist et Horsa, répond à la demande, et débarque à Heopwinesfleot / Ebbsfleet, dans l'angle sud-est de Thanet. 

Reconstitution d'un drakkar à Ebbsfleet

Étant, par cette alliance avec les Jutes, vainqueur des Pictes / Scots, Vortigern concrétise cette alliance par une reconnaissance mutuelle, d'abord en épousant la fille d'Hengist, donc une Barbare, après avoir répudié son épouse, une Britto-romaine, chrétienne et mère de ses premiers enfants, puis en donnant aux Jutes la jouissance de l'île de Thanet.

Un problème se crée peu de temps après, lorsque les Britto-romains se rendent compte que les Jutes installent à Thanet un nombre de personnes plus important que prévu.

Ayant demandé aux Jutes de s'en tenir à des proportions 'raisonnables', et ceux-ci ne voyant pas les choses de la même façon, un conflit s'élève alors entre les alliés, et celui-ci s'achève par la confrontation militaire d'Aylesford en 455 où, bien que victorieux, les Britto-romains tombent ensuite dans un piège tendu par Hengist, perdant ainsi un grand nombre de soldats et d'officiers. Les Jutes s'emparent alors de l'est du Kent, y compris le port de Douvres et les anciennes forteresses de Richborough et de Reculver, et de la capitale du Kent elle-même : Canterbury.

Cette confrontation marque le début de la conquête dite 'anglo-saxonne' de la Bretagne romaine.

Voir pour cela notre page : histoire-chap18a-vortigern-450.htm

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* ASC : 

"THE LAUD CHRONICLE (E)

443. In this year the Britons sent oversea to Rome and asked them for troops against the Picts, but they had none from there because they were at war with Attila, king of the Huns; and then they sent to the Angles and made the same request to the princes of the Angles.

449. Huius tempore celebratur Calcedonense concilium -dcxxx' episcoporum aduersus Euticem abbatem et Dioscorum. In this year Marcian and Valentinian obtained the kingdom and reigned seven years. In their days Vortigern invited the Angles hither, and they then came hither to Britain (3) in three ships at a place Heopwinesfleot [Ebbsfleet, K]. King Vortigern gave them land to the south-east of this land on condition that they fought against the Picts. They then fought against the Picts and had victory wherever they came. Then they sent to Angel; ordered (them) to send more aid and to be told of the worthlessness of the Britons and of the excellence of the land. They then at once sent hither a larger force to help the others. These men came from three nations of Germany : from the Old Saxons, from the Angles, from the Jutes. From the Jutes came the people of Kent and the people of the Isle of Wight, that is the race which now dwells in the Isle of Wight, and the race among the West Saxons which is still called the race of the Jutes. From the Old Saxons came the East Saxons and South Saxons and West Saxons. From Angel, which has stood waste ever since between the Jutes and the Saxons, came the East Angles, Middle Angles, Mercians and ail the Northumbrians. Their leaders were two brothers, Hengest and Horsa ; they were sons of Wihtgils. Wihtgils was the son of Witta, the son of Wecta, the son of Woden ; from this Woden sprang all our (4) royal famiiy and that of the peoples dwelling south of the Humber.

455. In this year Hengest and Horsa fought against king Vortigern at a place which is called AEgelesprep [Aylesford, K], and his brother Horsa was slain. And after that Hengest succeeded to the kingdom and AEsc, his son.

456. In this year Hengest and AEsc fought against the Britons at a place which is called Crecganford [Crayford, K], and there slew four companies ; and the Britons then forsook Kent and fled to London in gréât terror.

465. In this year Hengest and AEsc fought against the Welsh near Wippedesfleot, (5) and there slew twelve Welsh nobles; and one of their own thanes, whose name was Wipped, was slain there".

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* ASC : 

- Année 853 : "Then that same year Ealhhere with the Kentishmen anfd huda with the men of Surrey fought in Thanet against a heathen host, and at firts were victorious, and there many men were slain and drowned on either side ... and the ealdormen both dead".

...

- Année 865 : "In this year a heathen host remained in Thanet, and made peace with the Kentishmen; and the Kentishmen promised them money in return for peace. And, under cover of the peace and the promise of money, the host went secretly inland by night and devasted all the eastern part of Kent".

...

- Année 969 : "In this year king Edgar ordered the whole of the Isle of Thanet to be harried".

...

Année 980 : "In this year ealdorman Aelfhere fetched and in the same year Southampton was ravaged by a pirate host and most of the citizens slain or taken prisoner. In the same year the island of Thanet was harried; and also in the same year Cheshire was harried by a pirate host from the north".

...

Année 1046 : " ... In this same year Lothen and Yrling came to sandwich with twenty-five ships, and seized there indescribable booty, both in captives and in gold and silver, so that no one knew what it amounted to in all. They sailed then round Thanet, intending to do the same here, but the inhabitants bravely resisted, and refused to allow them to land and refused them water, and completely drove them of ...".

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Bède : (article en cours de montage)

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Ce détroit s'est modifié dans le temps, au gré des marées et des mouvements géologiques. Les camps de Rutupiae et de Regulbium ont été rognés, puis les alluvions provenant des falaises du Pas de calais et de la Tamise ont fini par combler ce détroit, ce qui fait qu'aujourd'hui, Thanet n'est plus, en réalité, qu'un presqu'île.

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Étymologie :

* Eilert Ekwall (1936) : "Tanatus 3 Solinus; Tanatos c 730 Bede; Teneid 679; Taenett 949 BM; Tenet c 890 OEBede, 943 BCS 780; Tanet DB; Taenate 1205 Lay. The name is identical or cognate with the river-name Tanat. It may mean 'bright island' or 'fire island' (from a beacon or lighthouse)".

 

i

Extrait de Philip Morgan : Domesday Book.

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* Meven Mordiern (1944) : "Taneton (Thanet)".

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* A.L.F Rivet & Smith, p. 468-469 : 

TANATIS or TANATUS

SOURCES

- Ptolemy II, 3, 14 : Toliatis nesos (= TOLIATIS INSULA), var. Toliapis (= TOLIAPIS) 

- Solinus 22, 8: TANATUS 

- Ravenna I0530 (= R&C 306): TANIATIDE, var. TAMATIDE 

- Isidore XIV, 6, 3 : THANATOS, insula Oceani, freto Gallico a Britannia aestuario tenui separata

The correct form is that of Solinus and Isidore. Müller thinks that Ptolemy's version arose from a misreading of N as AI (LI), and there is a further error of o for a. Ravenna's, entry indicates an oblique case in -ide(m), which is not to be despised in view of Ptolemy's nominative in -is; perhaps, as often, the name was declined in two ways.

DERIVATION. Förster FT 579 suggests that the Latin name is a version of a British *Tanneton, from a root *tanet- known in that form in Old Welsh as 'feurig, glänzend' (Welsh, Cornish and Breton tan 'fire', Old Irish tene, gen. tened). Watson CPNS 443 mentions the river Teinntidh near Callander (Perthshire), a Gaelic name with which he compares Old Irish tentide; the river would have been called 'fiery, from its rapid boiling course', though it is probably easier to retain Forster's sense 'glänzend' ('shining') for a river-name, since we have semantic parallels such as Leuca. Ekwall thinks the precisely comparable Shropshire river Tanat the 'brilliant river'. To these W. Nicolaisen in BZN, VIII (1957), 260, who also discusses the etymology, adds mention of the Scottish rivers Tennet (Angus) and Tynet or Tynot (Banff). Ekwall EPN thinks that the present name 'may mean "bright island" or "fire island" (from a beacon or lighthouse)'. We would then have a literal meaning for the island-name, and a slightly metaphorical one for the rivers. If the etymology is right, *tanet- in British has undergone an assimilation of vowels (a-e > a-a) in being latinised, perhaps by association with Greek Tanatos; this association is entirely clear in Isidore's version with Th-, and he explains the name a morte serpentum 'from the death of snakes', the earth of the island when transported elsewhere being fatal to them (as recorded by Solinus). The Anglo-Saxon name was Tenid, Tanet, etc. ; presumably modem Th- is due to learned influence (but not from Bede, who at I, 25, has Tanatos). A possible analogue abroad, Taneto near Parma (Italy), is mentioned by Nicolaisen; other apparently similar names probably have Gaulish *tann- 'oak', which sometimes appears with the -etum suffix indicating ' wood of... '.

IDENTIFICATION. The Isle of Thanet, Kent (which was then separated from the mainland by the Wantsum Channel).

Note. Nennius hints at an alternative British name when he writes (31) of the insulam, quae in lingua eorurn [i.e., Saxons] vocatur Tanet, Brittanico sermone Ruoihm (again simply Tanet in 36, 43). Variants include Tanett, Thanet, Tenet, and for the British name, Ruichum, Ruoichim, Ruoichin, Roihin, Ruimh. The name is also found in line 31 of the Welsh prophetie poem Armes Prydein of about 900, as Danet (see Ifor Williams's edition, English version by R. Bromwich (Dublin, 1972), P- 31).

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A.D Mills (1991-2003) : "Tanatus 3rd cent.; Tanet 1086 (DB). A Celtic name possibly meaning 'bright island', perhaps with the reference to a beacon".

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Bibliographie; sources

* M.N BOUILLET : Dictionnaire universel d'Histoire et de Géographie. Hachette. 1863.

* Eilert EKWALL : The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-names. Clarendon Press. Oxford. 1936 - 1980 (4è édition).

* Meven MORDIERN : Notennou diwar-benn ar Gelted Koz. O istor hag o sevenadur . Skridoù Breizh. 1944.

* Leo SHERLEY-PRICE : Bede. A history of the English Church and People. Penguin Books. 1955. Réimpression 1974.

* G.N GARMONSWAY : The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Everyman's Library. london. 1953. Réimpression 1984.

* Ordnance Survey : Map of Roman Britain. 1956.

* G.N GARMONSWAY : The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Everysman's Library. London. 1956-65; édition 1972; réimpression 1984;

* A.LF. RIVET & Colin SMITH : The Place-names of Roman Britain. Batsford Ltd. London. 1979-1982.

* Philip MORGAN : Domesday Book. Vol. 1 : Kent. General Editor : John MORRIS. Phillimore. Chichester. 1983.

* A.D MILLS : Oxford Dictionary of British Place Names. Oxford University Press. 1991-2003

Liens électroniques des sites Internet traitant de Thanet / Tanatis / Tanatus :

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